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  1. It is hypothesized that complex interactions between multiple environmental factors and genetic factors are implicated in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly unders...

    Authors: Latha Devi, Melissa J Alldred, Stephen D Ginsberg and Masuo Ohno

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:34

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  2. Huntington's disease results from expansion of a glutamine repeat (>36 glutamines) in the N-terminal region of huntingtin (htt) and is characterized by preferential neurodegeneration in the striatum of the bra...

    Authors: Chuan-En Wang, Shihua Li and Xiao-Jiang Li

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:33

    Content type: Short report

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  3. Aβ peptides derived from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein are widely believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. A common way to study the impact of these molecul...

    Authors: Jonathan Witton, Jon T Brown, Matthew W Jones and Andrew D Randall

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:32

    Content type: Research

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  4. While several mouse strains have recently been developed for tracing neural crest or oligodendrocyte lineages, each strain has inherent limitations. The connection between human SOX10 mutations and neural crest c...

    Authors: Shinsuke Shibata, Akimasa Yasuda, Francois Renault-Mihara, Satoshi Suyama, Hiroyuki Katoh, Takayoshi Inoue, Yukiko U Inoue, Narihito Nagoshi, Momoka Sato, Masaya Nakamura, Chihiro Akazawa and Hideyuki Okano

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:31

    Content type: Research

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  5. Zinc dyshomeostasis has been recognized as an important mechanism for cell death in acute brain injury. An increase in the level of free or histochemically reactive zinc in astrocytes and neurons is considered...

    Authors: Sook-Jeong Lee and Jae-Young Koh

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:30

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  8. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) phosphorylates the major transcription factor, cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), which plays key roles in synaptic plasticity and memory cons...

    Authors: Hiroki Toyoda, Ming-Gao Zhao, Valentina Mercaldo, Tao Chen, Giannina Descalzi, Satoshi Kida and Min Zhuo

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:27

    Content type: Research

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  9. New granule cells are continuously generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus. During granule cell maturation, the mechanisms that differentiate new cells not only describe the degree of cell diff...

    Authors: Koji Ohira,, Hideo Hagihara,, Keiko Toyama,, Keizo Takao, Masaaki Kanai, Hiroshi Funakoshi, Toshikazu Nakamura and Tsuyoshi Miyakawa

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:26

    Content type: Research

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  10. All antipsychotics work via dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs), suggesting a critical role for D2Rs in psychosis; however, there is little evidence for a change in receptor number or pharmacological nature of D2Rs. ...

    Authors: Min Wang, Lin Pei, Paul J Fletcher, Shitij Kapur, Philip Seeman and Fang Liu

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:25

    Content type: Research

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  12. K+ channel interacting protein 1 (KChIP1) is a neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) protein that interacts with multiple intracellular molecules. Its physiological function, however, remains largely unknown. We report ....

    Authors: Kun Xia, Hui Xiong, Yeonsook Shin, Danling Wang, Tom Deerinck, Hiroto Takahashi, Mark H Ellisman, Stuart A Lipton, Gang Tong, Giannina Descalzi, Dongxian Zhang, Min Zhuo and Zhuohua Zhang

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:23

    Content type: Research

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  13. Growth factor-induced receptor dimerization and cross-phosphorylation are hallmarks of signal transduction via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can activate RTKs through a ...

    Authors: Sum Shing Chi, Sandra M Vetiska, Robin S Gill, Marilyn S Hsiung, Fang Liu and Hubert HM Van Tol

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:22

    Content type: Research

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  14. Synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices have been studied during ageing of a double transgenic mouse strain relevant to early-onset familial Alzheimer's d...

    Authors: Stephen M Fitzjohn, Frederick Kuenzi, Robin A Morton, Thomas W Rosahl, Huw Lewis, David Smith, Guy R Seabrook and Graham L Collingridge

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:21

    Content type: Research

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  15. Interactions between dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex are essential for cognitive functions such as working memory. Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor functions by dopamine D...

    Authors: Jian-Li Hu, Gang Liu, Yan-Chun Li, Wen-Jun Gao and Yue-Qiao Huang

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:20

    Content type: Research

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  16. The establishment of tissue architecture in the nervous system requires the proper migration and positioning of newly born neurons during embryonic development. Defects in nuclear translocation, a key process ...

    Authors: Tarek Houalla, Lei Shi, Donald J van Meyel and Yong Rao

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:19

    Content type: Research

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  18. Huntingtin (htt) is a multi-domain protein of 350 kDa that is mutated in Huntington's disease (HD) but whose function is yet to be fully understood. This absence of information is due in part to the difficulty...

    Authors: Raúl Pardo, Maria Molina-Calavita, Ghislaine Poizat, Guy Keryer, Sandrine Humbert and Frédéric Saudou

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:17

    Content type: Research

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  19. Mounting evidence suggests that neural oscillations are related to the learning and consolidation of newly formed memory in the mammalian brain. Four to seven Hertz (4-7 Hz) oscillations in the prefrontal cort...

    Authors: Hendrik W Steenland, Vincent Wu, Hotaka Fukushima, Satoshi Kida and Min Zhuo

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:16

    Content type: Research

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  21. The spread of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in the deer and elk population has caused serious public health concerns due to its potential to infect farm animals and humans. Like other prion disorders such a sp...

    Authors: Solomon Raju Bhupanapadu Sunkesula, Xiu Luo, Dola Das, Ajay Singh and Neena Singh

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:14

    Content type: Research

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  22. Neurogenesis occurs in the adult hippocampus of various animal species. A substantial fraction of newly generated neurons die before they mature, and the survival rate of new neurons are regulated in an experi...

    Authors: Takashi Kitamura, Yoshito Saitoh, Akiko Murayama, Hiroyuki Sugiyama and Kaoru Inokuchi

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:13

    Content type: Short report

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  23. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder. While neuronal deposition of α-synuclein serves as a pathological hallmark of PD and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, α-synuclein-positive protein aggre...

    Authors: Xing-Long Gu, Cai-Xia Long, Lixin Sun, Chengsong Xie, Xian Lin and Huaibin Cai

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:12

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  24. A central feature of Alzheimer's disease is the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) by the β-secretase and γ-secretase enzymes. Although this has been shown to occ...

    Authors: Angela Lorenzen, Jonathan Samosh, Kenneth Vandewark, Pieter H Anborgh, Claudia Seah, Ana C Magalhaes, Sean P Cregan, Stephen SG Ferguson and Stephen H Pasternak

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:11

    Content type: Research

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  25. Synaptic defects represent a major mechanism underlying altered brain functions of patients suffering Alzheimer's disease (AD) [1–3]. An increasing body of work indicates that the oligomeric forms of β-amyloid (A...

    Authors: Yanfang Rui, Jiaping Gu, Kuai Yu, H Criss Hartzell and James Q Zheng

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:10

    Content type: Research

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  26. Memory is the ability to store, retain, and later retrieve learned information. Long-term memory (LTM) formation requires: DNA transcription, RNA translation, and the trafficking of newly synthesized proteins....

    Authors: David Rosenegger, Cynthia Wright and Ken Lukowiak

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:9

    Content type: Research

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  27. Extensive studies have led to a variety of hypotheses for the molecular basis of depression and related mood disorders, but a definite pathogenic mechanism has yet to be defined. The monoamine hypothesis, in c...

    Authors: Saebom Lee, Jaehoon Jeong, Yongdo Kwak and Sang Ki Park

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:8

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  28. The presenilins form part of a complex of membrane proteins that are involved in the proteolytic cleavage of cell-surface molecules. This article reviews the history of the discovery of the presenilins, their ...

    Authors: David H Small, David W Klaver and Lisa Foa

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:7

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  29. Direct interaction with the β subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex causes voltage-dependent inhibition of N-type calcium channels. To further characterize the molecular determinants of this interact...

    Authors: Hugo W Tedford, Alexandra E Kisilevsky, Lucienne B Vieira, Diego Varela, Lina Chen and Gerald W Zamponi

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:6

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  30. The molecular mechanisms governing the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neuronal progenitor cells and finally into neurons are gradually being revealed. The lack of convenient means for real-ti...

    Authors: Hiroaki Kanki, Marilia Kimie Shimabukuro, Atsushi Miyawaki and Hideyuki Okano

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:5

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  31. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are coupled via Gαq/11 to the activation of phospholipase Cβ, which hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to form inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Thi...

    Authors: Alexander A Nicodemo, Macarena Pampillo, Lucimar T Ferreira, Lianne B Dale, Tamara Cregan, Fabiola M Ribeiro and Stephen SG Ferguson

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:4

    Content type: Research

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  32. The downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM), a multifunctional Ca2+-binding protein, binds specifically to DNA and several nucleoproteins regulating gene expression and with proteins outside th...

    Authors: Long-Jun Wu, Britt Mellström, Hansen Wang, Ming Ren, Sofia Domingo, Susan S Kim, Xiang-Yao Li, Tao Chen, Jose R Naranjo and Min Zhuo

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:3

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  33. Studies into the mechanisms of corticosteroid action continue to be a rich bed of research, spanning the fields of neuroscience and endocrinology through to immunology and metabolism. However, the vast literat...

    Authors: Therese Riedemann, Alexandre V Patchev, Kwangwook Cho and Osborne FX Almeida

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:2

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  34. Although some reports indicate that protein synthesis dependent process may be induced by updating information, the role of protein synthesis and degradation in changing the content of pre-existing memory is y...

    Authors: Jun-Hyeok Choi, Jung-Eun Kim and Bong-Kiun Kaang

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:1

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  36. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells is a promising approach toward functional restoration of the damaged neural tissue, but the injured spinal cord has been shown to be an adverse environment for t...

    Authors: Fujiki Numano, Akihiro Inoue, Mitsuhiro Enomoto, Kenichi Shinomiya, Atsushi Okawa and Shigeo Okabe

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:37

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  38. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by two genes that generate two related proteins: GSK-3α and GSK-3β. Mice lacking a function...

    Authors: Oksana Kaidanovich-Beilin, Tatiana V Lipina, Keizo Takao, Matthijs van Eede, Satoko Hattori, Christine Laliberté, Mustafa Khan, Kenichi Okamoto, John W Chambers, Paul J Fletcher, Katrina MacAulay, Bradley W Doble, Mark Henkelman, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, John Roder and James R Woodgett

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:35

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  39. Previous studies have demonstrated tissue-specific regulation of the rhythm of circadian transcription, suggesting that transcription factor complex CLOCK/BMAL1, essential for maintaining circadian rhythm, reg...

    Authors: Hiroshi Hosoda, Kenichi kato, Hidenori Asano, Motonori Ito, Haruno Kato, Taku Iwamoto, Akinobu Suzuki, Shoichi Masushige and Satoshi Kida

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:34

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  40. Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurogenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of glutamine repeats in the huntingtin protein. There is currently no treatment to prevent the neurodegeneratio...

    Authors: Jose R Pineda, Raúl Pardo, Diana Zala, Hua Yu, Sandrine Humbert and Frédéric Saudou

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:33

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  41. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in sensory, cognitive, and executive functions. Studies of synaptic transmission and plasticity in the ACC provide an understanding of basic cellular and molecul...

    Authors: Long-Jun Wu, Xiangyao Li, Tao Chen, Ming Ren and Min Zhuo

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:32

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  42. Previous studies have shown that beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide triggers the activation of several signal transduction cascades in the hippocampus, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade....

    Authors: Faridis Serrano, Angela Chang, Caterina Hernandez, Robia G Pautler, J David Sweatt and Eric Klann

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:31

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  44. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder that affects about 1% of the population worldwide. Despite significant advances in the identification of genetic mutations and si...

    Authors: Zelda H Cheung and Nancy Y Ip

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:29

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  45. In mammals, the synchronized activity of cell autonomous clocks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) enables this structure to function as the master circadian clock, coordinating daily rhythms in physiology an...

    Authors: Clare Guilding, Alun TL Hughes, Timothy M Brown, Sara Namvar and Hugh D Piggins

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:28

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  46. Proneurotrophins and mature neurotrophins elicit opposite effects via the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and Trk tyrosine kinase receptors, respectively; however the molecular roles of proneurotrophins in the...

    Authors: Hisatsugu Koshimizu, Kazuyuki Kiyosue, Tomoko Hara, Shunsuke Hazama, Shingo Suzuki, Koichi Uegaki, Guhan Nagappan, Eugene Zaitsev, Takatsugu Hirokawa, Yoshiro Tatsu, Akihiko Ogura, Bai Lu and Masami Kojima

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:27

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  47. The Na+/Cl--dependent serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) transporter (SERT) is a critical element in neuronal 5-HT signaling, being responsible for the efficient elimination of 5-HT after release. SERTs are no...

    Authors: Jennifer A Steiner, Ana MarinD Carneiro, Jane Wright, Heinrich JG Matthies, Harish C Prasad, Christian K Nicki, Wolfgang R Dostmann, Carrie C Buchanan, Jackie D Corbin, Sharron H Francis and Randy D Blakely

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:26

    Content type: Research

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  49. Purkinje cells are a class of specialized neurons in the cerebellum, and are among the most metabolically active of all neurons, as they receive immense synaptic stimulation, and provide the only efferent outp...

    Authors: Lisa Chakrabarti, Jeremiah Eng, Nishi Ivanov, Gwenn A Garden and Albert R La Spada

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:24

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  50. Dysfunction of alsin, particularly its putative Rab5 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor activity, has been linked to one form of juvenile onset recessive familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2). Multiple...

    Authors: Chen Lai, Chengsong Xie, Hoon Shim, Jayanth Chandran, Brian W Howell and Huaibin Cai

    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:23

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

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